RO (Reverse Osmosis)

RO is a high-pressure membrane filtration method used in water treatment. Water is forced through a semi-permeable membrane under high pressure, separating dissolved salts, ions, heavy metals, organic substances, and microorganisms from the water.

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Key Features of RO Systems:

  • Membrane pore size: Approx. 0.0001 microns
  • Operating pressure: 4–70 bar (varies by application)
  • Can remove:
    – Dissolved salts (e.g., NaCl, CaSO₄)
    – Ions (Na⁺, Cl⁻, Mg²⁺)
    – Heavy metals
    – Microorganisms
    – Pesticides and certain organic compounds

Where is RO Used?

  • Drinking water production (especially seawater and well water treatment)
  • Industrial process water production
  • Paint, textile, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries
  • Wastewater recovery
  • Boiler feed water preparation

Advantages:

  • Produces very high-quality water
  • Low chemical usage (especially as final treatment)
  • Can remove 95–99% of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Disadvantages:

  • Requires high energy and pressure.
  • Produces concentrated (salty) wastewater
  • Requires regular maintenance and pretreatment (e.g., UF, filtration, softening)
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